The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a imperial unit and United States customary unit of length; both are based on the older English unit of length equal to 5,280 English feet, or 1,760 yards. The statute mile was standardised between the Commonwealth of Nations and the United States by an international agreement in 1959, when it was formally redefined with respect to SI units as exactly .
With qualifiers, mile is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman mile (roughly ), such as the nautical mile (now exactly), the Italian mile (roughly ), and the Chinese mile (now exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 pedes (), but the greater importance of furlongs in the Elizabethan-era England meant that the statute mile was made equivalent to or in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the British Empire, some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The US Geological Survey now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its 1927 geodetic datum has meant that a separate US survey mile continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the International System of Units (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.
Name
The
modern English word
mile derives from
Middle English myle and
Old English mīl, which was
cognate with all other Germanic terms for
miles. These derived from the nominal ellipsis form of
mīlle passus 'mile' or
mīlia passuum 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand paces.
The present international mile is usually what is understood by the unqualified term mile. When this distance needs to be distinguished from the nautical mile, the international mile may also be described as a land mile or statute mile. In British English, statute mile may refer to the present international mile or to any other form of English mile since the 1593 Act of Parliament, which set it as a distance of . Under American law, however, statute mile refers to the US survey mile. Foreign and historical units translated into English as miles usually employ a qualifier to describe the kind of mile being used but this may be omitted if it is obvious from the context, such as a discussion of the 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary describing its distances in terms of miles rather than Roman miles.
Abbreviation
The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".
The American National Institute of Standards and Technology now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml). However, derived units such as miles per hour or miles per gallon continue to be abbreviated as "mph" and "mpg" rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, road signs use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.
The
BBC style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.
[ "Numbers" BBC]
Historical
Roman
The
Roman units mile (
', "thousand paces"; m.p.
'; also milia passuum
and mille'') consisted of a thousand paces as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.
When
were well-fed and harshly driven in good weather, they thus created longer miles. The distance was indirectly standardised by Agrippa's establishment of a standard
Roman foot (Agrippa's own) in 29
Before Christ, and the definition of a pace as 5 feet. An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000
Roman feet.
Agrimensor and specialised equipment such as the
decempeda and
dioptra then spread its use.
In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about in length, slightly less than the of the modern international mile.
In Hellenic areas of the Empire, the Roman mile (, mílion) was used beside the native Greek units as equivalent to 8 stadia of 600 Greek feet. The mílion continued to be used as a Byzantine units and was also used as the name of the zero mile marker for the Byzantine Empire, the Milion, located at the head of the Mese near Hagia Sophia.
The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units. Also arising from the Roman mile is the milestone. All roads radiated out from the Roman Forum throughout the Empire – 50,000 (Roman) miles of stone-paved roads. At every mile was placed a shaped stone. Originally, these were obelisks made from granite, marble, or whatever local stone was available. On these was carved a Roman numeral, indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.
Ptolemaic mile
In the 2nd-century, Greco-Roman polymath,
Ptolemy, of
Alexandria, in his
Almagest and Geography, defined a mile as a geographic arcminute of longitude, of the earth's circumference, equivalent to 1:60 of a degree of longitude, or 1:21,600 of the circumference.
While his estimate of the circumference of the earth, and therefore the derived length of a
stade, and a mile, from third party observations, principally offered in non-normalised stadion (600 Greek feet), Egyptian
schoinos, and Persian
parasang were erroneous. Ptolomy's assumptions of a customary
stade to be of a
Roman mile, of a
schoinos or
parasang, of an arc-minute, or ~185 metres,
his Geographical mile, is the basis of the current nautical mile, and was adopted by medieval Arab and European cartographers.
Italian
The
Italian units mile (
miglio,
miglia) was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,
[ although its actual value over time or between regions could vary greatly. It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century]
Arabic
The Arabic mile (الميل, al-mīl), of 4,000 , was not the common Arabic unit of length; instead, Arabs and Persian people traditionally used the longer parasang or "Arabic league". Although the precise length of the Arabic mile remains disputed, due to the variability in cubit length, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0 km. The Arabic mile being approximate to a 1.852 km Nautical mile or geographical mile, and an approximation of 1 arcminute of latitude measured directly north-and-south along a meridian. The mile was used by medieval Arab geographers and scientists.
English
The " old English units mile" of the medieval England and early modern periods varied but seems to have measured about 1.3 international miles (2.1 km). The old English mile varied over time and location within England. The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles). The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 paces, or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "furrow's length" or furlong.
The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain", but seem to have been a combination of the Roman units with native Welsh units and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the barleycorn. Probably by the reign of Edgar in the 10th century, the nominal prototype physical standard of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the king at Winchester; the foot was then one-third of its length. Henry I was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm. Following the issuance of Magna Carta in 1215, the barons of Parliament directed John Lackland and his son to keep the king's standard measure ( Mensura Domini Regis) and Troy pound at the Exchequer, which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New brass standards are known to have been constructed under Henry VII and Elizabeth I.
Arnold's Customs of London recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947 international miles (5,000 feet) or 1.524 km.
Statute
The English statute mile was established by a Weights and Measures Act of Parliament in 1593 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The act on the Composition of Yards and Perches had shortened the length of the foot and its associated measures, causing the two methods of determining the mile to diverge. Owing to the importance of the surveyor's rod in deeds and surveying undertaken under Henry VIII, decreasing the length of the rod by would have amounted to a significant land tax increase. Parliament instead opted to maintain the mile of 8 furlongs (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value. The applicable passage of the statute reads: "A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles, and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and half." The statute mile therefore contained 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards. The distance was not uniformly adopted. Robert Morden had multiple scales on his 17th-century maps which included continuing local values: his map of Hampshire, for example, bore two different "miles" with a ratio of and his map of Dorset had three scales with a ratio of . In both cases, the traditional local units remained longer than the statute mile. The English statute mile was superseded in 1959 by the international mile by international agreement.
Welsh
The Welsh units mile ( milltir or milldir) was 3 statute miles and 1,470 yards long (6.17 km). It comprised 9,000 paces ( cam), each of 3 Welsh feet ( troedfedd) of 9 inches ( modfeddi). (The Welsh inch is usually reckoned as equivalent to the English inch.) Along with other Welsh units, it was said to have been Molmutine Laws under Dyfnwal Moelmud and retained unchanged by Hywel Dda. Along with other Welsh units, it was discontinued following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England in the 13th century.
Scots
The Scots units mile was longer than the English mile,
Irish
The Irish mile ( míle or míle Gaelach) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.
Danish
Following its standardisation by Ole Rømer in the late 17th century, the Danish mile ( mil) was precisely equal to the Prussian mile and likewise divided into 24,000 feet. These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5 km. Earlier values had varied: the Sjællandske miil, for instance, had been 11.13 km.
Dutch
The Dutch mile (mijl) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 . But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280 m and 4,280 m. In the sixteenth century, the Dutch had three different miles: small (kleine), medium (middelbaar/gemeen), and large (groote). The Dutch kleine mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking (uur gaans), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250 m or 4,710 m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.
German
The German mile (Meile) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised Austrian mile used in southern Germany and the Austrian Empire was 7.586 km; the Prussian mile used in northern Germany was 7.5325 km. The Germans also used a longer version of the geographical mile.
Breslau
The Breslau mile, used in Breslau, and from 1630 officially in all of Silesia, equal to 11,250 , or about 6,700 meters. The mile equaled the distance from the Piaskowa Gate all the way to Psie Pole (Psie Pole). By rolling a circle with a radius of 5 ells through Wyspa Piasek, Ostrów Tumski and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.
Saxon
The Saxon post mile ( kursächsische Postmeile or Polizeimeile, introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden rods, equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.
Hungarian
The Hungarian mile ( mérföld or magyar mérföld) varied from 8.3790 km to 8.9374 km before being standardised as 8.3536 km.
Portuguese
The Portuguese mile ( milha) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873 km prior to metrication.
Russian
The Russian mile (миля or русская миля, russkaya milya) was 7.468 km, divided into 7 .
Croatian
The '''[[Croatian mile]]''' (''hrvatska milja''), first devised by the [[Jesuit]] Stjepan Glavač on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by ° or 11.13 km exactly.[ [http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm "Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia : Theory and Application"] . Kartografija i putopisi.]
Ottoman
The Ottoman mile was 1,894.35 m, which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181 m).
Japanese
The CJK Compatibility Unicode block contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in katakana script.
Among them, there is , after マイル .
International
The international mile is precisely equal to (or km as a fraction). It was established as part of the 1959 international yard and pound agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa, which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard. As with the earlier statute mile, it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.
The difference from the previous standards was 2 ppm, or about 3.2 millimetres ( inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum in America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, with 1 foot = (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot.[When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.] Thus a survey mile = × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / ( × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles.
The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the international yard and pound agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the U. S. survey mile. In the United States, statute mile normally refers to the survey mile,[ Convert mile [statute] to mile [statute, US] "1 metre is equal to mile statute, or mile statute,. ... The U.S. statute mile (or survey mile) is defined by the survey foot. This is different from the international statute mile, which is defined as exactly 1609.344 metres. The U.S. statute mile is defined as 5,280 U.S. survey feet, which is around metres."] about 3.219 mm ( inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).
While many countries abandoned the mile when switching to the metric system, the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, Myanmar,[Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg] the United Kingdom[ Maximum posted speed limits (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011] It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,[Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).][ Weights and Measures Act ][February 2012, Rail Report – 2010 – Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.][ Hastings Racecourse Fact Book Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).] Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.
US survey
The US survey mile is 5,280 US survey feet, or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.[ (links to a Microsoft Word document)] Both are very slightly longer than the international mile and international foot. In the United States, the term statute mile formally refers to the survey mile, but for most purposes, the difference of less than between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344 metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is US survey miles—so statute mile can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,
The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.
The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which replaced the NAD27, is defined in metres. State Plane Coordinate Systems were then updated, but the National Geodetic Survey left individual states to decide which (if any) definition of the foot they would use. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in metres, and 42 of the 50 states only use the metre-based State Plane Coordinate Systems. However, eight states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in feet, seven of them in US survey feet and one in international feet.
State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2 ppm) is hardly significant, given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures be based on the US survey foot, eight have legislated that they be based on the international foot, and eighteen have not specified which conversion factor to use.
SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states, Alaska and Missouri, and two jurisdictions, Guam and Puerto Rico, do not specify which foot to use.
In October 2019, US National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.
Nautical
The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a Meridian arc of the Earth. Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles. The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an oblate spheroid, so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the WGS84 ellipsoid, with at the equator, at the poles and average .
Since 1929 the international nautical mile is defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco as exactly 1,852 metres (which is or ).[.] In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as , whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile.
Related units
The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.
The data mile is used in radar-related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres). The radar mile is a unit of time (in the same way that the light year is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8 μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4 μs.
Geographical
The geographical mile is based upon the length of a meridian of latitude. The German geographical mile (geographische Meile) was previously ° of latitude (7.4127 km).
Metric
The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as track and field athletics and speed skating, to denote a distance of . The 1500 meters is the premier middle distance running event in Olympic sports. In United States high-school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of .
Scandinavian
The Scandinavian mile ( mil) remains in common use in Norway and Sweden, where it has meant precisely 10 km since metrication in 1889. It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per mil. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.
The Swedish mile was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or in 1649; before that it varied by province from about 6 to 14.485 km.
Before metrication, the Norwegian mile was .
The traditional Finnish peninkulma was translated as and also set equal to 10 km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.
Comparison table
A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Leagues are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.
|
|
| In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed |
| Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement |
| Ancient Roman units of measurement |
| |
| |
| Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the English, and from 1824, the imperial mile. The statute mile was introduced in 1592 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I |
| On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure corresponds to 5280 feet at 25.4 millimeters per inch. |
| From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893, its exact length in metres was: × 1760 |
| |
| |
| Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm |
| |
| |
| Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time the circumference of the equator could only be estimated at 40,000 km. |
| |
Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the Gauls and Germanic peoples provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations. |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| 5,000 | légua nova | Portugal | | | | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| |
| |
| Spanish customary units |
| |
| = 20,000 feet |
| |
| 5,590 | légua | Brazil | |
| |
| Derived from Persian parasang |
| |
| Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I |
| 6,197 | légua antiga | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| 6,700 | Breslau mile | Silesia | 1630 | 1872 | | Also known as mila wrocławska in Polish |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| |
| |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| |
| |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete Russian units of measurement |
| |
| German Empire, North German Confederation, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Russia. Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Primarily for Denmark defined by Ole Rømer. Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Austrian units of measurement |
| |
| 8,534.31 | Mila | Poland | 1819 | | | 7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| |
| |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| |
| Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the myriametre |
| Obsolete German units of measurement |
| |
| In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km. |
| |
| |
| was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods. |
Similar units:
-
1,066.8 m – verst, see also obsolete Russian units of measurement
Idioms
The mile is still used in a variety of idioms, even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand). These idioms include:
-
A is used colloquialism to denote a very long distance
-
"A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
-
"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" – a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"
[ Concise Oxford English Dictionary (5th edition; 1964). Oxford University Press.]
-
"Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)
-
"Go a mile a minute" (move very quickly)
-
"Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)
-
"To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)
-
"Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
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"Milestone" (an event indicating significant progress)
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Glasgow's miles better, a touristic campaign.
See also
Notes
Citations
Sources
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Further reading
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(Item notes: Sammlung5-6 (1856–57) Original from Harvard University Digitized 9 January 2008)
